The Bride of Corinth

From Goethe to Chabrier

The Bride of Corinth

Goethe referred to his ballad Die Braut von Korinth (The Bride of Corinth) as his “vampire poem.” It is true, there is a macabre element in it strong enough to have upset some of the more seriously inclined of the poet’s contem­poraries, who felt that a great mind like his ought to have been devoted to higher things. But there are higher things in it too, the most interesting of which, from an operatic point of view, is the rudimentary Liebestod at the end: to be united at last in the marriage denied them in life, the blood-sucking bride and her bridegroom victim are consigned at her command to the flames of the funeral pyre. Their fate - in a Corinth split between converts to the new Christian religion of self-denial and adherents of the pleasure-loving gods still in place on Olympus - symbolises at a bizarre extreme the rift in civilisation as one faith declines and is replaced by another.

In the hundred years between the publication of Die Braut von Korinth and the first (posthumous) performance of the one complete act of Chabrier’s Briséis, Goethe’s ballad had become a minor cult with French writers and composers. Camille Du Locle had adapted it as the libretto for Duprato’s La Fiancée de Corinthe, which was produced at the Paris Opera in 1867; Anatole France had written a verse drama Les Noces corinthiennes, a frank celebration of paganism, in 1879 (Henri Büsser made an opera of it 43 years later); and Ephraïm Mikhaël had collaborated with his symbolist colleague Bernard Lazare on a “dramatic legend” in three acts, La Fiancée de Corinthe, which appeared in Paris in 1888.

By the time Chabrier got to work on the story the Liebestod element had become the principal and culminating feature. The vampire had disappeared, to be replaced by a bride who returns from the dead to claim her long-promised husband, as in Goethe’s ballad, but now with no predatory intent. Both these developments had been made in Mikhaël and Lazare’s La Fiancée de Corinthe which, though the structure was to be reshaped and the names of the characters changed, is clearly the basis of Briséis. A significant refinement in the opera - introduced, presumably, by Catulle Mendès - is that the Christian-convert mother condemns her pagan daughter to a life of chastity as a bride of Christ not merely to save her own skin but so that she might continue to pursue her missionary work among the unconverted Greeks. Most important of all, the lovers’ union in death at the end of Briséis inspires a reconciliation between the conflicting elements of Christianity and paganism.

Briséis - the project

The background to the three-way collaboration between Mikhaël, Mendès and Chabrier is obscure but it is not difficult to work out what must have happened. It is surely not coincidental, for example, that Chabrier’s first recorded reference to the Briséis project was made in 1888, the year in which Mikhaël and Lazare’s La Fiancée de Corinthe was published in Paris - with a dedication to none other than Catulle Mendès. The likelihood is that Mendès saw the operatic potential in the “dramatic legend,” proposed to Mikhaël that they should collaborate in creating a libretto on the same subject and suggested the idea to Chabrier. Certainly, it was in April 1888 that the composer wrote to Ernest Van Dyck - the Belgian tenor whom Chabrier had coached for the first Paris performance of Lohengrin in 1887 and who was now much in demand for Wagnerian roles in Germany - to tell him that although “I don’t yet have the libretto of my dreams, we are working on it and - big secret, keep quiet about it, you alone know this - it will be by Catulle Mendès, who is the only man capable of setting up a real lyric drama.”

If Chabrier over-estimated Mendès’s literary abilities, he was not alone among his contemporaries in doing so. Debussy was to see through the fashion­able reputation to the (as Dukas later described it) “Parnassian bric-à-brac” underneath when he abandoned his ill-advised collaboration with Mendès on Rodrigue et Chimène in 1892. But Chabrier was quite happy with the “very beautiful verse” Mendès had written for Gwendoline, their first operatic project, and he was confident that Briséis - which he described as “a paraphrase in three acts and four tableaux of Goethe’s ballad The Bride of Corinth” - would be “tender, poignant, super-passionate.”

Declaring that his score would be the last word in modernism, Chabrier confessed that he didn’t know if it would be French but he was sure it wouldn’t be Wagnerian. “I try to inoculate myself with the aesthetic of the man of bronze,” he said, “but never with his music.” In fact, his music is harmonically ten years ahead of its time and is very French except where it is too plainly reminiscent of Wagner, which is mainly in the more dramatically significant modulations and in the shape of some of the leitmotifs.

Briséis - the composition

In August 1888 Chabrier reckoned that it would take him sixteen months to get to the end of Briséis. Six years and one month later he died having completed the first act and leaving no more than a few variably decipher­able sketches for later episodes in the opera.

There are many reasons for Chabrier’s failure to achieve what he regarded as the climax of his life’s work. There were early delays caused by Mikhaël’s apparent unwillingness to get on with it, which the composer found intolerably irritating (although, had he known that the unfortunate poet was to die at an early stage in their collaboration, at the age of 24, he would obviously have been more understanding). Chabrier had money worries at this period too: so, although he was a hopeless teacher, he had to give lessons, and he had to devote time to writing music which he could readily sell - hence the composition of some of his most delightful mélodies, including a setting of Mikhaël’s L’Île heureuse and the farmyard songs to words by Edmond Rostand and Rosemonde Gérard. He had to keep travelling to Germany where, thanks largely to the efforts of Felix Mottl, his operas were far more in demand than they were in France. His wife’s already delicate health was deteriorating. Most distressing of all, his old nurse, Nanine, of whom he was inordinately fond and who had lived with him all his life, died in 1891, leaving him unable to work for months on end.

He could probably have coped with all that but for the basic problem that, at the same time as he was making a supreme effort to expand his creative resources, his final illness was inexorably contracting them. On a visit to Bayreuth in 1889 he had seen Parsifal for the first time and (with Van Dyck “quite extraordinary” in the title role) found it overwhelming: “One comes out after each act absolutely overcome with admiration, bewildered, distraught, with tears running down one’s cheeks.” If he didn’t at first have parsifalesque ambitions for Briséis he certainly had by now. But, as he forced himself to work on a structural and moral scale he had never previously envisaged, the paralysis associated with the terminal stage of syphilis was advancing on him.

Even as he finished the first act Chabrier seemed to sense that wouldn’t get much further: “Mottl could perform the first act, which I finished orchestrating the day before yesterday” he wrote to Van Dyck in Germany on 29 September 1890. “I have worked my guts out,” he added inelegantly but ominously. He played what there was of the work to his friends in Paris and then left for his country retreat at La Membrolle in Touraine “to hide himself away like a sick animal.”

Briséis - the fragment

It was not until the end of March 1894 - after a period of years spent mainly at La Membrolle, where he could scarcely bear to let the score of his “dear Briséis” out of his sight - that he finally gave up and got Vincent d’Indy, the best equipped among his composer friends, to undertake to finish the work for him. When eventually called upon to do the job, however, d’Indy, for all his good intentions, had to extricate himself from his promise: he was dismayed to find that what he had been led to believe would be just a matter of orchestration would really be a labour of composition from a few fragmentary sketches; and, anyway, he couldn’t possibly work with Mendès’s libretto.

Chabrier’s heirs had no more luck with Alfred Bruneau, Antoine Mariotte, Claude Debussy, George Enesco, and Maurice Ravel, all of whom were invited to complete the work at one time or another. But, as the composer himself was aware and as d’Indy so wisely pointed out, “What there is of Briséis can be perfectly well played and sung in concert and will be very interesting in that form.” The first act was, in fact, introduced to the world by Charles Lamoureux at a Chabrier memorial concert in Paris on 31 January 1897. The first staged performance took place in Berlin in January 1899 under the direction of none other than Richard Strauss - who seems to have remembered something of the work when he came to write his Salome - and the first Paris Opera production opened four months later. Tonight’s performance in the Usher Hall is the first ever to be given in Britain and the first for a long time anywhere.

Gerald Larner